The cells of multi-celled organisms must communicate with one another to coordinate the activities of the organism as a whole.
Cells communicate through cell-to-cell contact or through cell signaling. Signaling can be short-range (affecting only nearby cells) or long-range (affecting cells throughout the organism).
It can be done by cell junctions or signalling molecules called ligands that bind to receptors and trigger a response by changing the shape of the receptor protein.
Signal transduction is the process by which an external signal is transmitted to the inside of a cell. It usually involves the following three steps:
For signaling molecules that cannot enter the cell, a plasma membrane receptor is required.
Plasma membrane receptors form an important class of integral membrane proteins that transmit signals from the extracellular space into the cytoplasm. Each receptor binds a particular molecule in a highly specific way.
A positive feedback pathway also involves an end product playing a role, but instead of inhibiting the pathway, it further stimulates it.